Depending on political and economic circumstances, the image of Muslims in European history has often changed. They have been seen as exotic or frightening; as honourable, fearless and tradition-bound or as barbarians with strange sexuality and customs. How did the political and social climate surrounding Muslims and Islam change in Europe in the 20th century? When did Muslim traditions, such as wearing headscarves by women, street prayers, building mosques, halal shops and bars, become controversial in Europe? Do European Muslims live in homogenous communities?
